QUESTION: 1

Which statement is correct when considering the right to privacy under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)?

The right to privacy is an absolute right
The right to privacy has to be balanced against other rights under the ECHR
The right to freedom of expression under Article 10 of the ECHR will always override the right to privacy
The right to privacy protects the right to hold opinions and to receive and impart ideas without interference

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

Article 8 of the ECHR protects the right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence. However, this right is not absolute and can be subject to limitations by a public authority in accordance with the law and for a legitimate aim. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has developed a two-stage test to determine whether such limitations are justified. First, the court must examine whether there is a legitimate aim pursued by the public authority, such as national security, public safety or the prevention of crime. Second, the court must assess whether the means used by the public authority are appropriate and necessary to achieve that aim, taking into account all relevant factors such as proportionality, necessity and less restrictive alternatives. Therefore, the right to privacy is not an absolute right but a qualified one that has to be balanced against other rights under the ECHR.

Reference:

Article 8 - Protection of personal data
Your right to respect for private and family life
Right to respect for private and family life
Guide on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights European Convention on Human Rights - Article 8

https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Art_8_ENG.pdf (15)

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QUESTION: 2

What is one major goal that the OECD Guidelines, Convention 108 and the Data Protection Directive (Directive 95/46/EC) all had in common but largely failed to achieve in Europe?

The establishment of a list of legitimate data processing criteria
The creation of legally binding data protection principles
The synchronization of approaches to data protection
The restriction of cross-border data flow

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

The OECD Guidelines, Convention 108 and the Data Protection Directive (Directive 95/46/EC) all aimed to harmonize the national data protection laws of the member states of the European Economic Community (EEC) and to establish a common framework for the protection of personal data. However, they largely failed to achieve this goal due to several reasons, such as:
The lack of political will and commitment from the member states to implement the directives fully and consistently.
The divergent interpretations and applications of the directives by different national authorities, courts and regulators.
The emergence of new technologies and challenges that required new or updated legal solutions, such as electronic communications, cookies, biometrics, cloud computing, etc. The influence of other regional or international initiatives that addressed some aspects of data protection differently or in conflict with the directives, such as the US Privacy Shield Framework.

Reference:

1: Free CIPP/E Study Guide - International Association of Privacy Professionals
2: CIPP/E Certification - International Association of Privacy Professionals 3: Schrems II: A Critical Analysis - European Data Protection Board

https://ico.org.uk/media/about-the-ico/documents/1042349/review-of-eu-dp- directive.pdf (99)

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QUESTION: 3

A key component of the OECD Guidelines is the "Individual Participation Principle".
What parts of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provide the closest equivalent to that principle?

The lawful processing criteria stipulated by Articles 6 to 9
The information requirements set out in Articles 13 and 14
The breach notification requirements specified in Articles 33 and 34
The rights granted to data subjects under Articles 12 to 22

Answer(s): D

Explanation:

: The Individual Participation Principle is one of the Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPPs) that are not part of any legal framework, but are widely adopted by many data privacy regulations in force today. The FIPPs are a set of guidelines for fair information practices that aim to protect the privacy and security of personal information. The Individual Participation Principle holds that individuals have a number of rights, including the right to have their personal data corrected or erased, the right to access and obtain confirmation of their personal data, the right to be informed about how their personal data is used and who it is shared with, and the right to object or withdraw consent for certain purposes.
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a legal framework that implements the European Union's (EU) Data Protection Directive and provides comprehensive protection for all individuals within the EU regarding their personal data. The GDPR grants individuals a number of rights, such as the right to access, rectify, erase, restrict, port, object, or not be subject to automated decision- making based on their personal data. These rights are similar to those under the FIPPs and can be found in Articles 12 to 22 of the GDPR.
Therefore, the parts of the GDPR that provide the closest equivalent to the Individual Participation Principle are Articles 12 to 22.

Reference:

OECD Privacy Principles
What are the 7 main principles of GDPR?
Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPPs)
Individual Participation - International Association of Privacy Professionals What is the right to be forgotten? | Right to erasure | Cloudflare General Data Protection Regulation - Wikipedia

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QUESTION: 4

Which EU institution is vested with the competence to propose new data protection legislation on its own initiative?

The European Council
The European Parliament
The European Commission
The Council of the European Union

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

According to the CIPP/E study guide1, the European Commission is the EU institution that has the power to propose new data protection legislation on its own initiative, as well as amend or repeal existing laws. The European Commission is also responsible for implementing and enforcing the EU data protection framework, in cooperation with other institutions and national authorities.

Reference:

1: Free CIPP/E Study Guide - International Association of Privacy Professionals

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600834.2019.1573501

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Certified Information Privacy Professional/Europe CIPP-E Exam

QUESTION: 1

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QUESTION: 3

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QUESTION: 4

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Certified Information Privacy Professional/Europe
CIPP-E Exam